2/25 - Cognitive Theories

"To achieve expression effectively, of course, the musician has to have interiorized the technology, made the tool or machine second nature, a psychological part of himself or herself." (Ong 24)

"The larger point to be made here, however, is that no scientific research, no matter how rigorously it is conducted, possesses the kind of authoritative certainty inner-directed theorists are seeking....The strongest appeal of certainty, however, is its offer of a solution to our new students' problems that will enable us to undertake their socialization into the academic discourse community without having to consider the ethical and political dimensions of this act." (Bizzell 406)

"To encourage students to take on the same stance--to share some of the same knowledge--as the instructor is not the same as having them contribute to the work of the institution in the way that employees at the various institutions do. To put it simply, the captain needs the information provided by his most subordinate navigator. The Governor of the BOC needs the lowliest analyst's report. The professor, however, does not need any specific student's essay in the same way. A student who does not hand in his work does not impede the operation of the university. (In fact, he eases the instructor's task of grading.'" (Dias et al. 148)

Flower and Hayes, "A Cognitive Process Theory of Writing" (1981)

• Stage process models vs. cognitive process model
• Protocol analysis
• Task environment, long term memory, writing processes
• Goal-setting patterns

Bizzell, "Cognition, Convention, and Certainty: What We Need to Know about Writing" (1982)

• Inner-directed vs. outer-directed language theory
• Discourse community/interpretive community
• Discourse analysis
• Sociolinguistics
• Situated
• Certainty
• Hidden curriculum

Kellogg, "Training Writing Skills: A Cognitive Developmental Perspective"

• Stages of cognitive development of writing ability: knowledge-telling, knowledge-transforming, knowledge-crafting
• Executive attentional control
• Training methods: relative automaticity, deliberate practice, cognitive apprenticeship

Dias, Freedman, Medway, and Pare, "Distributed Cognition at Work"

• Distributed cognition

Russell's "Rethinking Genre in School and Society"

• Dialogism
• Activity theory
• Activity system(s)
• North American genre theory/genre
• Cultural-historical theory
• Contradictions/double-binds